Which part of the brain controls autonomic functions such as heartbeat and breathing?

The medulla oblongata plays a crucial role in controlling autonomic functions essential for survival, such as heartbeat and breathing. This structure is located at the base of the brainstem, just above the spinal cord. It contains vital centers for regulating involuntary actions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The medulla oblongata responds to changes in blood chemistry and pressure, coordinating breathing rates and heart rates to maintain homeostasis.

In contrast, the cerebellum is primarily involved in regulating movement, balance, and coordination, while the cerebrum handles higher cognitive functions such as thought and sensory processing. The pons, also part of the brainstem, primarily serves as a communication relay between various parts of the brain, but it does not directly control autonomic functions to the extent of the medulla oblongata.